The Ouvea parakeet ( Eunymphicus uvaeensis) or Uvea parakeet, is a species of parrot in the genus Eunymphicus, in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to the island of Uvea, including Faiava Island in the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia.
Description
The Ouvea parakeet is a medium-sized parakeet with mostly green
plumage and a prominent green crest.
[Doughty, C.; Day, N & A. Plant (1999) Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu & New Caledonia Christopher Helm; London. ] The crest is composed of six backward feathers that curl forwards. The underside of the bird tends to be yellower and there is bright blue on the wings and tail. The face is dark and the
beak is black, lacking the yellow on the face of the horned parakeet.
Diet
The species has a preference for natural forests and
laurel forest habitat while avoiding coconut plantations and coastal vegetation.
[Olivier Robinet, Vincent Bretagnolle and Mick Clout (2003) "Activity patterns, habitat use, foraging behaviour and food selection of the Ouvéa Parakeet ( Eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis)". Emu 103 (1): 71 - 80 ] They are active in the early morning and late afternoon, and avoid activity during the heat of the day. They feed on a variety of foods, with figs of the genus
Ficus being particularly important.
Reproduction
The breeding season of the Uvea parakeet is from August to January.
[Robinet, O & M Salas (1999) "Reproductive biology of the endangered Ouvea Parakeet Eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis". Ibis 141 (4): 660-669.] The
bird nest are located in natural cavities in native trees, with
Syzygium and
Mimusops accounting for 90% of nesting trees. Three (occasionally two)
bird egg are laid in these cavities and
avian incubation for 21 days. The nestling period is around 43 days, with an average of around 1.5 chicks being
per nesting attempt. Fledging survival is lower, however, with around 0.75 chicks surviving a month after fledging. The main causes of chick mortality are starvation (most common in the smallest, weakest chick),
brown goshawk predation and human collecting (for the pet trade).
Status
It once ranged across the other Loyalty Islands; attempts to reintroduce it to
Lifou in 1925 and 1963 failed.
[BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Eunymphicus uvaeensis. Downloaded on 14 July 2008] One source reports that the reintroduced birds simply flew back to Uvea.
[del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions. ] Studies of potential nesting success on the two islands showed that future reintroductions to Lifou would fail unless the
ship rat population is controlled.
[Robinet, O; Craig, J & L. Chardonnet (1998) "Impact of rat species in Ouvea and Lifou (Loyalty Islands) and their consequences for conserving the endangered Ouvea Parakeet". Biological Conservation 86 (2): 223-232 ] It is threatened by
habitat loss and the pet trade. Around 30-50% of its habitat has been lost in the last thirty years. Collection for the pet trade not only reduces the number of birds but the collection method, which involves cutting trees open to get at the chicks, renders the nesting sites useless for future breeding attempts and lack of breeding cavities may be limiting the population. In the event that ship rats were to reach Uvea it would be at greater risk of
extinction.
The parakeet is listed in Appendix I of CITES and the IUCN considers the conservation status as Vulnerable.
This species is threatened because of low numbers, a limited home range and habitat loss. However, in recent years, community involvement in saving the species have contributed to significant gains in increasing the Ouvea parakeet population from an estimated 617 in 1993 to 2,090 in 2009.
[Barre N, Theuerkauf J, Verfaille L, Primot P, Saoumoe M. (2010). Exponential population increase in the endangered Ouvea Parakeet ( Eunymphicus uvaeensis) after community-based protection from nest poaching. J. Ornitol. 151: 695-701.]
